Journal of Anesthesiology Tiara Bunda (JATB) is a peer-reviewed scientific publication that focuses on the field of anesthesiology. This esteemed journal serves as a platform for researchers, anesthesiologists, and medical professionals to share their cutting-edge research findings, clinical studies, and advancements in anesthesia practices. It aims to disseminate knowledge, foster discussion, and promote innovations in anesthesiology, perioperative medicine, pain management, and related disciplines. With a commitment to high-quality research, the journal welcomes submissions from both national and international contributors, making it an essential resource for the medical community seeking to enhance patient care and safety in anesthesia. Journal Title : Journal of Anesthesiology Tiara Bunda Initials : JATB Frequency : February And August E-ISSN / P-ISSN : Editor in Chief : Ns. Vini Anjelia Pattinaja., M.Kep DOI Prefix : Publisher : Politeknik Tiara Bunda Accreditation :
SISTEMATIK REVIEW: HUBUNGAN PERILAKU CARING PERAWAT ANESTESI DENGAN TINGKAT KECEMASAN PASIEN PRE OPERASI
Preoperative anxiety is a common issue experienced by patients who are about to undergo surgery. The caring behavior of nurse anesthetists can influence the level of preoperative anxiety in patients. Objective: To determine the relationship between the caring behavior of nurse anesthetists and the level of preoperative anxiety in patients. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using the PubMed, Google Scholar, and CINAHL databases. Results:Ten studies that met the inclusion criteria showed that the caring behavior of nurse anesthetists had a significant relationship with the level of preoperative anxiety in patients. Conclusion: The caring behavior of nurse anesthetists can affect the level of preoperative anxiety in patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Yuliyanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Hubungan Saturasi Oksigen Pasien dengan Penyakit Penyerta Sistem Respirasi Pasca General Anesteri di Rumah Sakit X Bogor
Patients with co-morbidities of the respiratory system have a higher risk of post-anesthesia complications, one of which is complications of the respiratory system. Low oxygen saturation values (<94%) can cause hypoxia, and even tissue death, which affects the postoperative healing process. To find out the oxygen saturation of patients with co-morbidities of the respiratory system after undergoing general anesthesia in RS X Bogor. This study employed a descriptive observational design with a time series approach, involving 60 patients who met the inclusion criteria and were selected through a consecutive sampling technique in the operating room IBS RS X Bogor. Data were collected using an observation sheet and pulse oximetry and analyzed using descriptive observation. Among the 60 respondents, 7 patients (12.1%) experienced hypoxia after general anesthesia during the 5th-minute observation; in which these respondents were male, aged 40-60 years with PPOK, ASA III, type of electif surgery, ETT anesthetic technique, using post-anesthesia simple mask, had excessive activity and CRT value >2 seconds. Meanwhile, before being transferred to the inpatient room, all respondents showed normal oxygen saturation. The incidence of hypoxia can be prevented by proper management of oxygenation. Pre-operative evaluation should be carried out properly to reduce the risk of post-anesthesia complications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yusdi Ghazaly https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PENGARUH LATIHAN PASIF EKSTERMITAS BAWAH TERHADAP BROMAGE SCORE PASCA ANESTESI SUBARACHNOID BLOK (SAB)
Background: Spinal anesthesia (Subarachnoid Block/SAB) often causes temporary motor impairment in the lower extremities. One of the indicators of motor recovery is the Bromage Score. Passive lower extremity exercises are believed to accelerate recovery; however, there is limited experimental research directly confirming their effectiveness. Objective: To determine the effect of passive lower extremity exercises on the acceleration of Bromage Score recovery in post-SAB anesthesia patients in the recovery room at PMI Hospital, Bogor. Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a two-group posttest with control group design. The sample consisted of 30 patients who underwent SAB anesthesia, divided into two groups: 15 received passive lower extremity exercise as an intervention, while 15 served as the control group without intervention. Bromage Score was measured periodically until a score of 0 was achieved. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The average score in the intervention group significantly improved from 2.4667 to 0.63994 with a p-value of 0.000, whereas the control group showed a minor increase to only 0.9333. Bivariate analysis showed a significance value of 0.88 (p < 0.05), indicating that passive lower extremity exercises were effective in accelerating motor recovery. Conclusion: Passive lower extremity exercises significantly accelerate the achievement of Bromage Score in post-SAB patients and may be considered as a standard intervention in the recovery room.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hormat Janner Manurung https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Pengalaman Praktisi Anestesi Dalam Pengambilan Keputusan Ketrampilan Dalam Manajemen Jalan Nafas Di Rumah Sakit X Studi Fenomenologi
Failure in airway management is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients, especially in emergency situations. Anesthesia practitioners, particularly anesthesia nurses and anesthesia technicians, are required to have technical skills, quick decision-making, and clinical intuition formed through work experience. Objective: This study aims to qualitatively explore the impact of work experience on the skills and decision-making of anesthesia practitioners in emergency airway management. Methods: This study used a qualitative design with an interpretive phenomenological approach. Participants were selected using purposive sampling, consisting of four anesthesia practitioners with 2 to 25 years of work experience at Bhayangkara Brimob Hospital in Depok. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews that were recorded and transcribed, supplemented with field notes. Data analysis was performed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results: Data analysis yielded three main themes, namely: (1) the strategic role of anesthesiologists in airway management, including preparedness for complications, collaboration with anesthesiologists, and vigilance throughout the perioperative period; (2) quick and accurate clinical decision-making, with reflex responses to emergency conditions, visual clinical evaluation, and effective communication with the team; (3) technical skills and clinical intuition, in the form of mastery of airway devices, accuracy of actions based on experience, and intuition in detecting risks. Conclusion: This study shows that work experience greatly influences the technical skills, response speed, and clinical intuition of anesthesiologists. Continuous training and team collaboration are essential for improving patient safety.
Work experience, anesthesia practitioners, decision-making, skills, airway management
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Delviana Nurdiani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Hubungan Ketinggian Blok Spinal Anestesi Dengan Kejadian Hipotensi di Ruang Instalasi Bedah Sentral
Spinal anestesi merupakan salah satu bentuk anestesi regional yang dilakukan dengan cara menyuntikkan obat anestesi lokal ke dalam ruang subarachnoid. Teknik ini juga dikenal sebagai blok intradural atau blok intratekal, di mana suntikan diarahkan secara kaudal pada celah antara vertebra lumbal L2-L3, L3-L4, atau L4-L5. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan ketinggian blok spinal anestesi dengan kejadian hipotensi. Metode: Penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan Cross sectional. Populasi adalah semua pasien yang menjalani tindakan Spinal Anestesi dengan teknik pengambilan sampel. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 30 orang. Instrument penelitian menggunakan kuesioner lembar obeservasi pasien. Hasil: Hasil uji Spearman-rho menunjukan <0,001 (p>0,05) yang berarti ada hubungan yang bermakna diantara ketinggian blok dengan kejadian hipotensi pada intra operasi dengan correlation coefficient –0,493 dengan Karakteristik responden yang menunjukan sebagian besar responden berjenis kelamin perempuan sebanyak 19 pasien (63,3%), rentang usia responden paling banyak berusia diatas 45 tahun sebanyak 15 pasien (50%), responden didominasi oleh pasien yang mengalami hipotensi sebanyak 23 pasien (76,6%), lokasi penyuntikan blok didominasi oleh lokasi penyuntikan pada L3-L4 sebanyak 18 pasien (60%). Kesimpulan: Sebagian besar responden mengalami ketinggian blok sedang (60%) dan 76,6% di antaranya mengalami hipotensi selama tindakan intraoperatif.
Spinal Anestesi, Ketinggian Blok, Hipotensi
Copyright (c) 2025 Vini Anjelia Pattinaja, Umar Hassan Abdul Malik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
SISTEMATIK REVIEW: PENGARUH MUSIK KLASIK UNTUK PENGURANGAN KECEMASAN PADA PASIEN PRE OPERASI SECTIO CESARIA DENGAN SPINAL ANESTHESIA
Preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing caesarean section with spinal anesthesia is a significant clinical challenge with implications for perioperative outcomes. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of classical music in reducing anxiety levels in patients undergoing preoperative caesarean section with spinal anesthesia through a systematic literature review approach. A literature search was conducted in five major electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) using keywords relevant to the PRISMA 2020 protocol. Inclusion criteria included original research articles from 2020-2024 involving classical music interventions in the perioperative setting. The synthesis results showed that classical music is effective in reducing anxiety levels through modulation of the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine. Experimental studies confirmed that exposure to classical music is associated with decreased anesthetic and analgesic requirements, stabilization of hemodynamic parameters, and reduction of serum cortisol levels. Specifically, Mozart's (K.448) and Chopin's works showed the highest effectiveness with an optimal exposure duration of 20-30 minutes before the spinal anesthesia procedure. This study concludes that classical music intervention is an effective, safe, and cost-effective non-pharmacological approach to pre-operative anxiety management in caesarean section patients, with recommendations for integration of standard protocols into evidence-based clinical practice
PENGARUH TERAPI PERNAFASAN DIAFRAGMA TERHADAP KENYAMANAN PADA PASIEN PARU OBSTRUKTIF KRONIK (PPOK) BERBASIS TEORI OF COMFORT
Background: Diaphragm breathing exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is intended to improve respiratory function, in order to train the patient to regulate the breathing and the implementation of optimal use of diaphragm muscles during breathing. Objective: This study aimed to determine the influence of diaphragmatic respiratory therapy on the comfort of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients (COPD) based on the theory of comfort at South Tanggerang City Hospital. Methods: The population of the last 3 months from december to february with an average of 26 people per month. Sampling technique used purposive sampling with sample number 23 people. Independent variable was diaphragmatic breathing and dependent was comfort of patients with COPD. The research instrument used the observation and questionnaire of GCQ with 24 statements of positive and negative statements. With data processing editing, coding, scoring, tabulating and data analysis performed used the test Univariate, bivariate, wilcoxon. Results: The results of the study was most of the respondents before given therapy experience uncomfortable that is 13 respondent or 56,5% and almost half experience physical discomfort that is 40,15%. Once given the diaphragmatic breathing almost entirely comfortable with the number of 18 respondents or 78.3% and almost half of them experience physical comfort of 41.47 %. The wilcoxon test showed that the significance value ƿ = 0.005 < (0.05), so H0 was rejected, H1 was accepted. This research data was concluded that there was influence of diaphragmatic respiration therapy to patient comfort of COP) of RSU Tanggerang Selatan Citty.
Copyright (c) 2023 Yusdi Ghazaly https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PERBANDINGAN EFEKTIFITAS TERAPI INVANSIF DAN NON-INVANSIF PADA PASIEN GAGAL NAPAS AKUT
Respiratory Failure is defi ned as respiratory system inability to compensate oxygenation, ventilation and metabolic needs of the patient. In respiratory distress patient who needs intubation and sedation, it is highly related with the incidence of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) and would increases the number of morbidity and mortality. Recently, NIV is one of alternative option for respiratory failure. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of NIV and specify proportion on respiratory failure patients in ICU. Objective: This research is to knowing association between duration of mechanical ventilator use with mortality in ICU can help reducing the factors that cause patient’s mortality in ICU. Methods: This research was done prospectively with randomized controlled trial parallel design. Randomization was performed by permutation block. The sample was 30 adult patients. Samples were recorded by clinical respiration changes, haemodynamic stability, and blood gas analysis. Each data will be analyzed by T test. For data proportion, it will be underwent chi-square test. Results: Demographic characteristic (age, sex, body mass index, operative status, APACHE II score) of the patients were similar in two groups (p>0.05). Based on the t-count for P/F ratio, pCO2 level and respiratory rate before and after given NIV = 0.010.05, we can conclude there were no statistically significant. This could be happened due to 3 hours evaluation is not enough, so it would not give a fast improvement to clinical respiration and acid-base status. In the fi rst 3-hour, NIV treatment in respiratory failure patients in the ICU Dr Sardjito General Hospital had a better effect in improving clinical respiration, P/F ratio and reduce pCO2 value compared to mechanical ventilation with intubation.
Respiratory Failure, NIV, Intubation, P/F Ratio, pCO2, Respiratory Rate
Copyright (c) 2023 Yohana Saputra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
HUBUNGAN FREKUENSI SUCTION TERHADAP KEJADIAN VENTILATOR ASSOSIATED PNEUMONIA (VAP)
Background: Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is a lung parenchymal inflammation caused by a bacterial infection that incubates when the patient receives mechanical ventilation using a mechanical ventilator. Provision of prolonged mechanical ventilation (more than 48 hours) is the most important factor causing nosocomial pneumonia. Endotracheal suction is an important procedure and is often performed for patients who need mechanical ventilation. The procedure for suction action is one of the nonpharmacological methods that can prevent the occurrence of VAP. 0bjective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of frequency of suction to VAP (Ventilator Associated Pneumonia) events. Methods: The type of research in this study is "observational analytical" research using a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique uses accidental sampling. The number of respondents is 15 people who use mechanical ventilators. Results: Results of the research analysis obtained a value (p = 0.026) which means that there is a relationship between the frequency of suction to the incidence of VAP (Ventilator Associated Pneumonia)
Suction; Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Irfan Nugraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PREDIKTOR MORTALITAS PASIEN ICU YANG TERPASANG VENTILATOR MEKANIK DI RUANG INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU)
Based on the results of a preliminary study on July 1 2023, there were 27 patients admitted to the ICU in June 2023. Based on the findings, seven patients died in June. There were two surgical patients and five non-surgical patients among the seven medical records of patients who died in the ICU. The remaining seven patients who died were all over 55 years old and in the late elderly category. Objective: The aim of this study is to identify predictors of death for mechanically ventilated ICU patients in the ICU Room in 2023. Methods: This type of research is known as a retrospective cohort study. In this study, non-probability sampling was used with secondary data from medical records. The sample size in this study was 40 people. Methods and tools for collecting data from medical records. Results: Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the data, using a confidence level of 95%. Respondents aged 56-65 years 19 (47.5%), male gender 24 (60%), and experienced decreased awareness of GCS 3-4 20 (50%), and stroke comorbidities 15 (37.5%). The Fisher Exact test results showed that there was a significant relationship between age and patient mortality 0.007<0.05, gender and patient mortality 0.042<0.05, level of decreased consciousness and patient mortality 0.001<0.05, comorbidities and patient mortality 0.013<0. .05. It is estimated that nurses will strengthen their understanding of predictors of patient mortality in order to prevent complications in the mechanical ventilation room. patients and improve the quality of patient care in hospitals.
ICU, Mechanical Ventilation, Mortality Predictor
Copyright (c) 2023 Sofwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
GAMBARAN SATURASI OKSIGEN PASIEN DENGAN PENYAKIT PENYERTA RESPIRASI PASCA GENERAL ANESTESI
Background: Patients with co-morbidities of the respiratory system have a higher risk of post-anesthesia complications, one of which is complications of the respiratory system. Low oxygen saturation values (<94%) can cause hypoxia and even tissue death, wich effect the post operative healing process. Objective: To find out the oxygen saturation of patients with co-morbidities of the respiratory system after undergoing general anesthesia in Khidmat Sehat Afiat Hospital Depok City. Methods: This study employed a descriptive observational design with a time series approach, involving 58 patients who met the inclusion criteria and were selected through a consecutive sampling technique in the operating room at Buleleng District Hospital. Data were collected using an observation sheet and pulse oximetry and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 58 respondents, 7 patients (12.1%) experienced hypoxia after general anesthesia during the 5th-minute observation; in which these respondents were male, aged 46-65 years with pneumonia, ASA III E, type of cito surgery with the duration of operation >120 minutes, ETT anesthetic technique, using postanesthesia rebreathing mask, had excessive activity and CRT value >2 seconds. Meanwhile, during the 15th and 30th-minute observations, all respondents showed normal oxygen saturation. The incidence of hypoxia can be prevented by proper management of oxygenation. Pre-operative evaluation should be carried out properly to reduce the risk of post-anesthesia complications
Oxygen saturation; Respiratory comorbidity; Post-general anesthesia
Copyright (c) 2023 Hormat Janner Manurung https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
GAMBARAN UPAYA PENCEGAHAN INFEKSI AKIBAT PEMASANGAN VENTILASI MEKANIK: VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA (VAP) OLEH PERAWAT DI RUANG ICU
Background: Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is an infection that occurs in patients who are intubated ≥ 48 hours in the intensive room. Ventilator associated pneumonia bundle (VAPb) has been shown to reduce the incidence of VAP so that the knowledge of doctors and nurses about VAP determines the success of VAP prevention in the intensive room. Objective: The purpose of this study is to find out the picture of infection prevention efforts due to the installation of mechanical ventilation/ventilator Associated Pneumonia in the ICU Bhakti Medicare Hospital at 2023. Methods: The design of the study was a descriptive study with a population of 40 nurses. The instrument used is the questionnaire. The analysis used is the frequency distribution and percentage to describe the characteristics, knowledge, attitudes and behavior. Results: The results showed that most had good knowledge, attitude and behavior
Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmad Tajudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI LAMA RAWAT INAP PASIEN PNEUMOTORAKS SPONTAN SEKUNDER
Background: Pneumothorax is the presence of abnormal air in the pleural cavity, which is between the visceral and parietal pleura. Spontaneous pneumothorax itself is divided into two, namely: primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSS). Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is a pneumothorax that occurs in people who have primary disease. The incidence rate of PSS is 6.3 male cases and 2 female cases per 100,000 patients with a male to female ratio of 3:1. Methods: This research is an quantitative analytical research with a cross sectional approach. The data used is medical record data of patients with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax at the Bhayangkara Brimob. Results: The results of chi square analysis regarding the relationship between characteristics and length of stay in hospital showed a p-value of 0.388 (age) and 0.935 (gender). The relationship between primary disease and length of stay in hospital was found to have a p-value of 0.475. The relationship between the area of the pneumothorax and the length of stay in hospital was found to have a p-value of 0.000. The relationship between chest tube size and length of stay was found to have a p-value of 0.565. The relationship between the use of continuous suction and the length of stay in hospital was found to be p-value 0.186. There is a relationship between the extent of the pneumothorax and the length of stay for patients with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax at the Bhayankara Brimob area general hospital. There was no relationship to length of stay such as: patient characteristics, primary disease, chest tube size, use of continuous suction
Factors Influencing; Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax; Length of Stay
Copyright (c) 2024 Yohana Saputra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
KEEFEKTIFAN VENTILASI MEKANIK (INTUBASI) DALAM PENATALAKSANAAN KEGAWATDARURATAN RESPIRASI PADA PASIEN GAGAL NAPAS AKUT
Respiratory Failure is defi ned as respiratory system inability to compensate oxygenation, ventilation and metabolic needs of the patient. In respiratory distress patient who needs intubation and sedation, it is highly related with the incidence of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) and would increases the number of morbidity and mortality. Recently, mecanic ventilator is one of alternative option for respiratory failure. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of mecanic ventilator and specify proportion on respiratory failure patients in ICU. Objective: This research is to knowing association between duration of mechanical ventilator use with mortality in ICU can help reducing the factors that cause patient’s mortality in ICU. Methods: This research was done prospectively with randomized controlled trial parallel design. Randomization was performed by permutation block. The sample was 30 adult patients. Samples were recorded by clinical respiration changes, haemodynamic stability, and blood gas analysis. Each data will be analyzed by T test. For data proportion, it will be underwent chi-square test. Results: From the demographic data, no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) were found among respondents with intubation. The analysis results show that most patients who will receive intubation treatment have a rapid breathing frequency. For the intubation treatment, a p-value of 0.01>0.05 was obtained, meaning there is a significant relationship between the P/F ratio and pCO2 levels and respiratory rate in patients with respiratory failure who underwent intubation. However, clinically there is. From the statistical test, a p-value of 0.09 was obtained, which is greater than 0.05, meaning there is no significant relationship between the P/F ratio and pCO2 levels and respiratory rate in patients with respiratory failure who underwent intubation. The use of intubation in patients with respiratory failure within the first 3 hour is more effective in improving clinical respiratory status, pCO2 levels, and the P/F ratio.
Respiratory Failure, Intubation, P/F Ratio, pCO2, Respiratory Rate
PENGARUH TINDAKAN PENGHISAPAN LENDIR (SUCTION) TERHADAP PERUBAHAN SATURASI OKSIGEN PADA PASIEN PENURUNAN KESADARAN DI RUANG INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU)
Introduction: Decreased consciousness or coma is an indication of failure of the functioning of the integrity of the brain and as the "final common pathway" of organ failure such as heart, respiratory and circulatory failure leading to brain failure with consequent death. Suction is an action or process of inhaling the airways performed on a patient with excess sputum production which the patient is unable to do on his own. Suction is often performed on critically ill patients who are in intensive care, especially in patients with an endotracheal tube (ETT). Method: The design used in this study is literature review, the data used are sourced from 10 national and international journals obtained from databased through Google Scholar, research gate, pubmed and science direct with the intervention used is the suction effect on changes in oxygen saturation at the patient is unconscious. Results and conclusions:Based on the results of the journals collected and the author's analysis, after reviewing ten studies related to suction, the results obtainedshowed an increase in oxygen saturation levels after suction. This is because the freeing of the airway for accumulated secretions makes the transfer of oxygen from the atmosphere into the lungs effective
Suction, Oxygen Saturation, Decreased Consciousness
Copyright (c) 2022 Ujang Yusuf Fatah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
GAMBARAN TINDAKAN PENCEGAHAN RISIKO KEJADIAN DEKUBITUS MUKOSA ORAL PADA PENGGUNAAN ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE DI RUANGAN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT DI RSUD KOTA DEPOK
Background: Wound Decubitus related to the use of medical devices, one of which can occur in the use of the Endotracheal Tube (ETT),In general, patients treated at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) have an Endotracheal Tube (Intubation) attached. Destination: To know overview of risk precautions incidence of oral mucosal decubitus when using the Endotracheal Tube (ETT) in patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Method: Quantitative research with descriptive research type with online survey method with cross sectional approach. The instrument used was a google form questionnaire risk factor sthe incidence of oral mucosal decubitus with the use of Endotracheal Tube (ETT) which consists of the ETT insertion technique, monitoring measures to minimize oral mucosal decubitus and handling oral mucosal decubitus. The sample in this study is the nurse in charge of the ICU. Sampling in research with nonprobability techniques with total sampling technique. Result: ETT insertion technique variable There were 30 people (76.9%) in accordance with the Standard Operational Procedure and 9 people (23.1%) who were not. monitoring measures to minimize the incidence of oral mucosal decubitus were 29 people (74.4%) and 10 people (25.6%) were not carried then 27 people (69.2%) were treated for mucosal decubitus and 12 people (30.8%) were not done. Conclusion : There are several risk factors that can lead to the development of oral mucosal decubitus sores, therefore caution and closer monitoring are needed in patients attached to an Endotracheal Tube (ETT).
Risk factors Oral mucosa pressure Ulcer, Oral mucosa pressure Injury, Intensive Care Unit, Medical Device Related Pressure Ulcer
Copyright (c) 2022 Sofwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PERBANDINGAN KUALITAS HIDUP PASIEN PENYAKIT PARU OBSTRUKTIF KRONIS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KUESIONER COPD ASSESSMENT TEST (CAT) DAN CLINICAL COPD QUESTIONNAIRE (CCQ)
Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a progressive and life- threatening disease that is estimated to affect more than 251 million people worldwide.2 Whereas according to Riskesdas 2013 is 3.7% or around 9.2 million people.3 Currently the fourth leading cause of death in the world, causes more than 3 million deaths every year. COPD is estimated to be the third leading cause of death in the world in 2020.2 According to a 2017 study it was found that the estimated prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is 1% in the ordinary population and increased in people aged 40 years.4 In COPD, the effectiveness of treatment is not only obtained from clinical parameters course, but also more to the parameters of the patient&#39;s perspective, namely quality of life CAT is a validated and standardized questionnaire used to assess the health status of COPD patients. In addition, CCQ is also made to measure the clinical health status in patients, including airway symptoms, physical activity limitations, and emotional dysfunction.. Objective : To determine the difference in quality of life between the questionnaire according to the CAT and the quality of life according to the CCQ questionnaire and to know the characteristics of the respondents namely gender, age, duration of smoking history, pulmonary function / FEV1, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods : descriptive analytic using cross sectional design. The data obtained are primary data with 53 samples and then analyzed using the Spearman test Result : Spearman test results show that there is no significant difference between the quality of life of COPD patients using the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) questionnaire and Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ), which is p = 0,000 (p &lt;0.05) with a correlation coefficient of 0.815. Conclusion : There was no significant difference between the quality of life of COPD patients using the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) questionnaire and the Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ).
COPD Assessment Test, Clinical COPD Questionnaire, quality of life, COPD
Copyright (c) 2022 Muhammad Irfan Nugraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PENGARUH TINDAKAN ORAL HYGIENE MENGGUNAKAN CHLORHEXIDINE 0,20% TERHADAP KEJADIAN VAP (VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA) PADA PASIEN DENGAN VENTILATOR MEKANIK DI RUANG OBSERVASI INTENSIF (ROI)
Ventilator Associated-Pneumonia (VAP) is described as the most common nosocomial infection in the intensive care units and is often fatal.VAP is defined as pneumonia which occurr more than 48 hours after patients have been intubated and received mechanical ventilation. Oral hygiene with chlorhexidine is one of strategis that is proposed to prevent VAP. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of chlorhexidine used in oral hygiene on the incident of VAP at ROI. The population consisted of all patients that have been using mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours in ROI. Total sample were 10 respondents, received oral hygiene with chlorhexidine routinely twice a day. The independent variable was oral hygiene with chlorhexidine 0,20% and dependent variable was 5 variable of modified CPIS (body temperature, blood leukocytes, tracheal secretions, oxygenation, pulmonary radiography and progressive of pulmonary infiltrate). Data were collected by using observation sheet and analyzed with Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with level of significance=0.05. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test calculation, resulted that oral hygiene with chlorhexidine 0,20% had significant effect in major of variable: CPIS score including body temperature, blood leukocytes, oxygenation, pulmonary radiography and progressive of pulmonary infiltrat (p<0.05). However, tracheal secretions showed unsignificant relation. Although an increased volume and purulence of tracheal secretions are criteria of VAP but only few of ventilated patients with purulent tracheal aspirates caused by certain of bacteria that can be found in microbiological tests. It can caused by others situation such ARDS or COPD. It can be concluded that oral hygiene using chlorhexidine 0,20% can reduce incident of VAP
Ventilator associated pneumonia, oral hygiene, chlorhexidine, modified clinical pulmonary infection score, mechanical ventilation
Copyright (c) 2022 Novlia Sukma Dilla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN CIDERA SEPTUM PADA BAYI TERPASANG CPAP DI RUANG NICU
Latar Belakang: Cidera septum merupakan salah satu komplikasi umum pemasangan Continuous Positive Aiway Pressure (CPAP). Prevalensi global trauma hidung 85%- 100% di Brazil. Beberapa penelitian menemukan penggunaan CPAP menyebabkan cidera septum. Oleh karena itu, penting mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian tersebut. Tujuan : Mengetahui faktor resiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian cidera septum pada bayi terpasang CPAP. Metode : Jenis penelitian ini adalah desain penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan kohort prospektif. Sampel: 33 bayi diagnose respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) dan terpasang CPAP di ruang NICU RSUP Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar. Instrumen digunakan yaitu lembar observasi modifikasi dari Milligan dan Ribeiro. Hasil: Terdapat hubungan signifikan penggantian hidrocoloid (p=0,008), kesesuaian ukuran prong (p=0,03), perawatan septum (p=0,03) dengan kejadian cidera septum. Kesimpulan & saran : Tidak terdapat hubungan antara usia gestasi, berat lahir bayi dengan kejadian cidera septum. Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara penggantian hidrokoloid, kesesuaian ukuran prong, perawatan septum dengan kejadian cidera septum. Penting meningkatkan pemantauan perawat terhadap faktor kejadian cidera septum terutama penilaian awal cidera ringan dan penggantian hidrokoloid sebagai tindakan preventif
Copyright (c) 2022 Maria Delviana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PEGARUH PEMBERIAN POSISI SEMI FOWLER 30° DAN 45° TERHADAP KEEFEKTIFAN POLA NAPAS PADA PASIEN TB PARU DI RUANG MELATI RS BHAKTI MEDICARE TAHUN 2022
Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Pulmonary TB) is an infectious disease that can affect various organs, especially the lung parenchyma caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis with varying symptoms. Tuberculosis (TB) has become a health problem for millions of people in the world. Pulmonary TB disease that damages the respiratory tract. There is a methods that can be used to maintain the stability of respiratory pattern of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who experienced shortness of breath that is by giving the position of semi-fowler and the installation of oxygen. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of semi-fowler positioning of 30º and 45º on the effectiveness of respiratory pattern in lung tuberculosis patients in Bhakti Medicare Hospital. This research used pre-experimental research design (one-group post test design), with sample size of 32 respondents, sampling technique in this research used accidental sampling technique. Bivariate analysis will be performed using Mann-Whitney U test with p = 0,05 Based on the results of the study of 32 respondents. The average of respiratory pattern was 3,836. On the level of significance α = 0.05 with value (ρ) obtained by 0.002. Since the value (ρ) was less than the value (α), then H0 was rejected H1 was accepted it states that there was a significant difference between giving a semi-fowler position of 30º and 45º to the effect of semi-fowler positioning of 30º and 45º on the effectiveness of respiratory pattern in lung tuberculosis patients in Bhakti Medicare Hospital. From the results of research conducted by researchers with the theoretical concepts and related research results available, can be described that there was a significant effect of giving semi-fowler position 45º is 17 and on the effectiveness of respiratory patterns in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. So giving semi-fowler position of 45º can be given to lung TB patient as one of therapy to help effectiveness of patient's breathing pattern
Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Pulmonary TB),Semi fowler, Respiratory pattern
PENGARUH AUTOGENIC TRAINING DENGAN PURSED LIPS BREATHING TERHADAP KECEMASAN DAN FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN 1 SECOND (FEV1) PASIEN PPOK DI RSUD KOTA DEPOK
Background: COPD patients will experience increased airflow resistance, air trapping, and pulmonary hyperinflation. This condition causes a decrease in FEV1 and symptoms of shortness will occur earlier. The purpose of this study was to explain the effect of autogenic training with pursed lips breathing on anxiety and FEV1 of COPD patients. Method: This research used Quasy Experiment with Pre-Post approach of control group design. The population of this research were PPOK patient in RSUD Kota Depok. Sampling was done by Simple Random Sampling technique according to inclusion criteria with total of 40 patients. The autogenic training intervention with pursed lips breathing had done 3 times a week for 4 weeks. So the total exercise as much as 12 times. Instruments used to measure anxiety are Zung-Self Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS / SRAS) and FEV1 using spirometry. Data analysis using Paired t test, Wilcoxon and Multivariate Manova test.Result and Analysis: Multivariate test result Manova got significance value 0,021 (α 0,05). This means that autogenic training with pursed lips breathing is effective in reducing anxiety and increasing the value of FEV1 in COPD patients. Conclusion and Discussion: Autogenic training with pursed lips breathing can reduce anxiety and increase FEV1 values if done regularly and continuously. This suggests that the role of nurse as Nursing Agency in providing nursing care in patients with COPD
Autogenic training, relaxation, pursed lips breathing, anxiety, FEV1, and COPD
PENGARUH PELAKSAAN BATUK EFEKTIF PADA PASIEN POST OP LAPARATOMY TERHADAP BERSIHAN JALAN NAFAS DI BANGSAL BEDAH RS TK IV CIJANTUNG KESDAM JAYA TAHUN 2022
Background: Coughing is very common in clients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. Apart from the effects of anesthesia, coughing is also caused by installing a breathing apparatus which causes the client to feel uncomfortable because he feels a lot of thick mucus in his throat. Effective coughing exercises are very useful for clients after surgery to remove mucus or secretions so that the airway is cleared. Research Objective: The aim is to find out whether there is an effect of effective coughing in post-op laparotomy patients on airway clearance in the surgical ward. Methods :The research uses a quantitative research design with a cross sectional approach. The research sample was 30 respondents taken using total sampling technique. The family support instrument uses an observation sheet for the airway clearance variable. The correlation test in this study used the Wilcokson test. Results: Research results Most of the respondents were aged 46-55 years with 12 respondents (40%), male gender as many as 16 respondents (53.3%), had self-employed jobs as many as 15 respondents (50%), and as many as 15 respondents had a high school education. (50%) . The Wilcokson test results showed a p value of 0.00&lt;0.05. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that there is an effect of effective coughing in post-op laparotomy patients on airway clearance in the surgical ward.
airway clearance ,Effective coughing, laparotomy
GAMBARAN PEMENUHAN KEBUTUHAN OKSIGENASI PADA PASIEN TUMOR PARU DI RUANGAN RAWAT INAP RSUD KOTA DEPOK TAHUN 2022
Oksigenasi merupakan kebutuhan dasar yang vital dalam kehidupan manusia. Tujuan Penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran pemenuhan kebutuhan oksigenasi; keefektifan bersihan jalan napas pada pasien tumor paru. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus, menggunakan teknik wawancara pada satu kasus di Ruangan Teratai RSUD Kota Depok. Hasil Penelitian ditetapkan 3 tema yaitu tidak efektif bersihan jalan napas, ketergantungan oksigen dan resiko terpapar asap rokok. Tindakan selama 3 hari yaitu memberikan posisi semifowler, melatih napas dalam dan mengajarkan batuk efektif, memberi terapi oksigen dan menjelaskan tentang bahaya merokok. Evaluasi dari tindakan ini yaitu RR menurun, sesak berkurang, pasien merasa nyaman dan rileks. Rekomendasi untuk pasien tumor paru yang mengalami ketidakefektifan bersihan jalan napas adalah pemberian terapi oksigen, posisi semifowler, latihan napas dalam dan batuk efektif tetap dipertahankan
Oksigenasi, Tidak efektif bersihan jalan napas
Pengaruh Limb Exercise Kombinasi Respiratory Muscle Strecth Gyminastics Terhadap Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1), Dipsnea, Dan Kualitas Hidup Pada Pasien PPOK
Latar Belakang: Penyakit paru obstruksi kronik dapat mengancam kehidupan secara progresif akibat dispnea dan menjadi predisposisi kejadian eksaserbasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh Upper Limb Exercise Kombinasi Respiratory Muscle Stretch Gymnastics terhadap Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1), dispnea, dan kualitas hidup pada Pasien PPOK. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan desain quasy eksperiment (pre-post test with control group design) dan sebelumnya dilakukan penyusunan modul. Populasi yaitu pasien PPOK di RSUD Khidmat Sehat Afiat Depok dengan sampel 62 responden (31/31) dalam kelompok intervensi dan kontrol menggunakan consecutive sampling. Variabel independen adalah Upper Limb Exercise kombinasi Respiratory Muscle Stretch Gymnastics. Variabel dependen adalah Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1), dispnea, dan kualitas hidup. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan spirometri dan kuesioner modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dispnea scale dan COPD Assasment Test (CAT) dan dianalisis menggunakan wilcoxon signed rank test, paired t test, mann whitney test dan MANOVA. Hasil: Hasil uji Wilcoxon pada kelompok intervensi menunjukkan ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara masing-masing FEV1, dispnea, dan kualitas hidup sebelum dan sesudah dengan nilai sebesar 0,000 (p<0,05) sedangkan kelompok kontrol tidak. Hasil uji manova didapatkan nilai signifikansi p value 0,008 (α 0,05) yang menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh Upper Limb Exercise kombinasi Respiratory Muscle Stretch Gymnastics pada FEV1, dispnea, dan kualitas hidup pada pasien PPOK.
PENGARUH LATIHAN OTOT PERNAPASAN TERHADAP EKSPANSI DADA DAN PARU PADA PASIEN PPOK RSUD KOTA DEPOK TAHUN 2022
Background: Respiratory Distress of Newborn (RDN) usually show symptoms of tachypnea accompanied by grunting, chest retraction, nasal flaring, and cyanosis. RDN is a cause of stopping breathing and even death, so it can increase morbidity and mortality in newborns. Many risk factors for newborn respiratory problems, both baby, mother and childbirth. Objective: To determine the risk factors for Respiratory Distress of Newborn in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of RSUD Kota Depok Method: This research is an analytic survey using a cross sectional study design. The total sample of 103 baby's medical records were taken using purposive sampling technique. The results of this study were tested using the Chi square test with a significance level of α = 0.05. Results: Data analysis found that the relationship between maternal age (p = 0.323), gestational age (p = 0.104), parity (p = 0.916), type of delivery (p = 0.559) , history of maternal disease (p = 0.794), history of ANC (p = 1,000), sex (p = 0.985) and birth weight (p = 0.060) with RDN events at the NICU at RSUD Kota Depok. Conclusion: There was no relationship between maternal age, gestational age, parity, history of maternal disease, history of ANC, sex and birth weight with the incidence of RDN at the NICU at RSUD Kota Depok
Risk Factors, Neonates, Respiratory Distress of Newborn
PENGARUH SPIRITUAL EMOTIONAL FREEDOM TECHNIQUE (SEFT) TERHADAP KECEMASAN, SATURASI OKSIGEN DAN KUALITAS TIDUR PASIEN PENYAKIT PARU OSBTRUKTIF KRONIK (PPOK)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide. More than 3 million people die of COPD, in 2012 accounted for 6% of all deaths worldwide (GOLD, 2017). COPD can affect social and psychological aspects as well as physical health. Anxiety, loss of control in self-reliance, changes in self-concept and respiratory barriers result in serious psychological changes, including fear of death and depression (Aydin, 2013). In addition there is a significant relationship between depression and anxiety with sleep quality of patients with chronic disease, the higher the degree of depression the worse the quality of sleep (Hasanah, Permatasari and Karota, 2016). The condition of breathlessness during sleep causes the reticular activation system (SAR) to increase and release catecholamines such as norepinephrine which causes the individual to wake up. Insomnia and other disorders that result in sleep problems are often attributed to someone suffering from chronic illness. Sleep disorders that occur play a role in morbidity and impact on quality of life. Decreased quality of life can contribute to exacerbations and the risk of death. This research uses "Quasy Experimental" method with non-randomized Pretest-Postest Control Group Design Design research. The population of this study was the patient of COPD in dr. H. Koesnadi Hospital and Bhayangkara Hospital at Bondowoso. Sampling was done by simple random sampling technique according to inclusion criteria with total 68 patients. SEFT therapy interventions were performed twice a week for 1 month. Instrument for anxiety using HARS, oxygen saturation using pulse oximetry and sleep quality using PSQI. Data analysis using Mann Whitney Test. There were different anxiety levels (p 0,000), sleep quality (p 0.008) and there was no difference in oxygen saturation (p 0.136) after SEFT intervention. SEFT therapy has an effect on decreasing anxiety and improving sleep quality of COPD patients. After SEFT therapy, the body will relax. In addition the patient also has optimism, fortitude, and can take wisdom from the conditions experienced. Based on research results suggested to the hospital to make SEFT therapy as a study material in the implementation of nursing care to efforts to decrease anxiety and sleep quality disorders patients with COPD. For the nursing profession to apply SEFT therapy as an alternatife of nursing intervention in an effort to solve sleep anxiety and sleep quality problems of COPD patients
Copyright (c) 2025 Sofwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
FAKTOR RISIKO KEJADIAN RESPIRATORY DISTRESS OF NEWBORN DI NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
Background: Respiratory Distress of Newborn (RDN) usually show symptoms of tachypnea accompanied by grunting, chest retraction, nasal flaring, and cyanosis. RDN is a cause of stopping breathing and even death, so it can increase morbidity and mortality in newborns. Many risk factors for newborn respiratory problems, both baby, mother and childbirth. Objective: To determine the risk factors for Respiratory Distress of Newborn in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Method: This research is an analytic survey using a cross sectional study design. The total sample of 103 baby on medical records were taken using purposive sampling technique. The results of this study were tested using the Chi square test with a significance level of α = 0.05. Results: Data analysis found that the relationship between maternal age (p = 0.323), gestational age (p = 0.104), parity (p = 0.916), type of delivery (p = 0.559) , history of maternal disease (p = 0.794), history of ANC (p = 1,000), sex (p = 0.985) and birth weight (p = 0.060) with RDN events at the NICU. Conclusion: There was no relationship between maternal age, gestational age, parity, history of maternal disease, history of ANC, sex and birth weight with the incidence of RDN at the NICU at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Delviana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF SATURASI OKSIGEN SETELAH PEMBERIAN INTRAVENA HANGAT PADA PASIEN ASFIKSIA, ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS), PASCA SPINAL ANESTESI RUANG INSTALASI BEDAH RSUD KHIDMAT SEHAT AFIAT TAHUN 2022
Background. In surgery with general anesthesia, the main problem is airway management because some of the effects of anesthetic drugs can cause airway obstruction and suction is required. In addition to having the benefit of clearing the airway, suction has a side effect that can reduce oxygen saturation. The purpose of this study was to identify the oxygen saturation after suction in intra- operation patients with general anesthesia Method. This study employed a descriptive observational with a cross-sectional approach. The sample was 100 respondents in intra-operative patients with general anesthesia. The sample was recruited through a consecutive sampling technique. The data were collected using observation sheets and pulse oximetry. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results. Findings indicated that the oxygen saturation after suction in intra-operative patients with general anesthesia was mainly normal, with 95-100% in 95 respondents (95.0%). Conclusion. A decrease in oxygen saturation after suction can be prevented by providing suction according to Standard Operating Procedures (SOP).
Oxygen Saturation, Suction, General Anesthesia
Copyright (c) 2025 Hormat Janner Manurung, Alidon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN PERAWAT TENTANG PROSES PENYAPIHAN DARI BANTUAN VENTILASI MEKANIK TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PERAWAT DALAM MELAKUKAN PROSES PENYAPIHAN PASIEN DARI VENTILASI MEKANIK DI ICU DEWASA DI RS BHAKTI MEDICARE TAHUN 2022
A νentilator is a breathing apparatus that aims to maintain optimal νentilation and maximize oxygen transport. Ventilators are giνen to patients who are unable to maintain spontaneous breathing. Mechanical νentilators are automatic machines designed to proνide all or part oƒ the work to moνe gases into and out oƒ the lungs (Robert, 20l5). Knowledge is one oƒ the indicators oƒ success in the weaning process, because knowledge aƒƒects the ƒormation oƒ nurse behaνior. This research was conducted in the adult ICU at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital with the aim oƒ knowing the knowledge oƒ nurses and the ability oƒ nurses to wean patients ƒrom mechanical νentilation. This research is a quantitatiνe study using a descriptiνe correlatiνe design with a cross sectional approach. The measuring instruments used in this study were questionnaires and obserνation sheets. The number oƒ samples used by 40 respondents using the Tau-C Kendals test. The results oƒ this study indicate that there is no relationship between knowledge and the ability oƒ nurses to wean patients ƒrom mechanical νentilation (p = 0.470). It is hoped that multidisciplinary medical personnel will always receiνe regular updates and training so that their roles and ƒunctions in carrying out patient identiƒication procedures in the weaning process are successƒul
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Irfan Nugraha, Faisal Reza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Hubungan Lama Penggunaan Ventilator Mekanik dengan Mortalitas di Intensice Care Unit (ICU)
Latar Belakang: Ventilator mekanik merupakan alat bantu napas yang digunakan pada pasien gagal napas. Penggunaan ventilator mekanik lebih dari 48 jam dapat menimbulkan komplikasi yang dapat meningkatkan mortalitas pada pasien. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara lama penggunaan ventilator mekanik dengan mortalitas di ICU dapat membantu dalam mengurangi faktor penyebab mortalitas pasien di ICU. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Subjek merupakan 97 data rekam medik dengan teknik simple random sampling yang diproses menggunakan aplikasi SPSS. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder berupa data rekam medik pasien ICU dengan penggunaan ventilator mekanik yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi sampel. Analisis yang digunakan adalah chi-square. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mayoritas subjek berusia >65 tahun (37,1%),berjenis kelamin laki-laki (60,8%), pasien non bedah (56,7%), diagnosis utama terbanyak yaitu ICH (17,5%), CKD (10,3%), CHF (6,2%), dan peritonitis (6,2%), lama penggunaan ventilator ≥48 jam (61,9%), dan pasien meninggal (83,5%). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara lama penggunaan ventilator mekanik dengan mortalitas (p = 0,734). Lama penggunaan ventilator mekanik tidak memiliki hubungan dengan motalitas di ICU RS PMI Bogor 2023.
ICU, Ventilasi Mekanik, Prediktor Mortalitas
Copyright (c) 2024 Sri Yuliyanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0